GH-48593: [C++] C++20: use standard calendar / timezone APIs (#48601)

### Rationale for this change

Switch to std::chrono for MSVC to be able to use the system-provided timezone automatically on Windows.

### What changes are included in this PR?

This adds `chrono_internal.h` that uses C++20 std::chrono timezone/calendar APIs on compilers with support (MSVC only for now) and falls back to vendored `date.h` otherwise.

### Are these changes tested?

Partially tested locally and partially to be tested on CI.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, Windows users will no longer need to install the IANA tzdb (see [instructions here](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/cpp/build_system.html#runtime-dependencies) and [here](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/python/install.html#tzdata-on-windows)). We possibly have tzdb download set up in CI too and should update it appropriately.
* GitHub Issue: #48593

Authored-by: Rok Mihevc <rok@mihevc.org>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>

Author: rok

.github/workflows/cpp.yml

@@ -367,8 +367,13 @@ jobs:
           export CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=$NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS
           ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh "$(pwd)" "$(pwd)/build"
       - name: Download Timezone Database
+        if: matrix.msystem_upper == 'CLANG64'
         shell: bash
-        run: ci/scripts/download_tz_database.sh
+        run: |
+          # TODO(GH-48593): msys2 clang64 uses libc++ and vendored date.h library
+          # which needs tzdata database to build Arrow with time zone support.
+          # https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/48593
+          ci/scripts/download_tz_database.sh
       - name: Download MinIO
         shell: msys2 {0}
         run: |

.github/workflows/cpp_windows.yml

@@ -86,9 +86,6 @@ jobs:
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
           submodules: recursive
-      - name: Download Timezone Database
-        shell: bash
-        run: ci/scripts/download_tz_database.sh
       - name: Install msys2 (for tzdata for ORC tests)
         uses: msys2/setup-msys2@v2
         id: setup-msys2

.github/workflows/matlab.yml

@@ -147,9 +147,6 @@ jobs:
         uses: matlab-actions/setup-matlab@v2
         with:
           release: R2025b
-      - name: Download Timezone Database
-        shell: bash
-        run: ci/scripts/download_tz_database.sh
       - name: Install ccache
         shell: bash
         run: ci/scripts/install_ccache.sh 4.6.3 /usr

.github/workflows/r.yml

@@ -277,6 +277,12 @@ jobs:
           mkdir -p "$HOME/.local/bin"
           ci/scripts/install_minio.sh latest "$HOME/.local"
           echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+      - name: Download Timezone Database
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          # RTools 40 uses GCC 8.x which does not support C++20 chrono timezones,
+          # so Arrow uses the vendored date library which requires tzdata
+          ci/scripts/download_tz_database.sh
       - run: mkdir r/windows
       - name: Download artifacts
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v8

ci/conda_env_gandiva_win.txt

@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-# ARROW-17830 Temporarily pin LLVM version on Appveyor due to a bug in Conda's packaging of LLVM 15.
+# ARROW-17830 Temporarily pin LLVM version on Windows due to a bug in Conda's packaging of LLVM 15.
 clangdev<15
 llvmdev<15

ci/scripts/PKGBUILD

@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ source_dir="$ARROW_HOME"
 # Append `#commit=54b1b2f688e5e84b4c664b1e12a95f93b94ab2f3` to the URL to select a revision
 # source=("${source_dir}"::"git+https://github.com/apache/arrow")
 # sha256sums=("SKIP")
-# source_dir="${APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER}/${source_dir}"
 
 cpp_build_dir=build-${CARCH}-cpp
 

ci/scripts/download_tz_database.sh

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 set -ex
 
 # Download database
-curl https://data.iana.org/time-zones/releases/tzdata2024b.tar.gz --output ~/Downloads/tzdata.tar.gz
+curl https://data.iana.org/time-zones/tzdata-latest.tar.gz --output ~/Downloads/tzdata.tar.gz
 
 # Extract
 mkdir -p ~/Downloads/tzdata

cpp/src/arrow/compute/function_test.cc

@@ -95,11 +95,9 @@ TEST(FunctionOptions, Equality) {
   options.emplace_back(new StrptimeOptions("%Y", TimeUnit::type::MILLI, true));
   options.emplace_back(new StrptimeOptions("%Y", TimeUnit::type::NANO));
   options.emplace_back(new StrftimeOptions("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", "C"));
-#ifndef _WIN32
   options.emplace_back(new AssumeTimezoneOptions(
       "Europe/Amsterdam", AssumeTimezoneOptions::Ambiguous::AMBIGUOUS_RAISE,
       AssumeTimezoneOptions::Nonexistent::NONEXISTENT_RAISE));
-#endif
   options.emplace_back(new PadOptions(5, " "));
   options.emplace_back(new PadOptions(10, "A"));
   options.emplace_back(new PadOptions(10, "A", false));

cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_cast_test.cc

@@ -2358,15 +2358,7 @@ constexpr char kTimestampSecondsJson[] =
 constexpr char kTimestampExtremeJson[] =
     R"(["1677-09-20T00:00:59.123456", "2262-04-13T23:23:23.999999"])";
 
-class CastTimezone : public ::testing::Test {
- protected:
-  void SetUp() override {
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    // Initialize timezone database on Windows
-    ASSERT_OK(InitTestTimezoneDatabase());
-#endif
-  }
-};
+class CastTimezone : public ::testing::Test {};
 
 TEST(Cast, TimestampToDate) {
   // See scalar_temporal_test.cc
@@ -2595,6 +2587,11 @@ TEST(Cast, TimestampToTime) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(CastTimezone, ZonedTimestampToTime) {
+  // TODO(GH-48743): GCC libstdc++ has a bug with DST transitions
+  // https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=116110
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "Test triggers GCC libstdc++ bug (GH-48743).";
+#endif
   CheckCast(ArrayFromJSON(timestamp(TimeUnit::NANO, "Pacific/Marquesas"), kTimestampJson),
             ArrayFromJSON(time64(TimeUnit::NANO), R"([
           52259123456789, 50003999999999, 56480001001001, 65000000000000,

cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/scalar_temporal_binary.cc

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include "arrow/util/checked_cast.h"
 #include "arrow/util/logging_internal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/time.h"
-#include "arrow/vendored/datetime.h"
 
 namespace arrow {
 
@@ -37,28 +36,30 @@ using internal::checked_pointer_cast;
 namespace compute {
 namespace internal {
 
+namespace chrono = arrow::internal::chrono;
+
 namespace {
 
-using arrow_vendored::date::days;
-using arrow_vendored::date::floor;
-using arrow_vendored::date::hh_mm_ss;
-using arrow_vendored::date::local_days;
-using arrow_vendored::date::local_time;
-using arrow_vendored::date::sys_days;
-using arrow_vendored::date::sys_time;
-using arrow_vendored::date::trunc;
-using arrow_vendored::date::weekday;
-using arrow_vendored::date::weeks;
-using arrow_vendored::date::year_month_day;
-using arrow_vendored::date::year_month_weekday;
-using arrow_vendored::date::years;
-using arrow_vendored::date::literals::dec;
-using arrow_vendored::date::literals::jan;
-using arrow_vendored::date::literals::last;
-using arrow_vendored::date::literals::mon;
-using arrow_vendored::date::literals::sun;
-using arrow_vendored::date::literals::thu;
-using arrow_vendored::date::literals::wed;
+using chrono::days;
+using chrono::dec;
+using chrono::floor;
+using chrono::hh_mm_ss;
+using chrono::jan;
+using chrono::last;
+using chrono::local_days;
+using chrono::local_time;
+using chrono::mon;
+using chrono::sun;
+using chrono::sys_days;
+using chrono::sys_time;
+using chrono::thu;
+using chrono::trunc;
+using chrono::wed;
+using chrono::weekday;
+using chrono::weeks;
+using chrono::year_month_day;
+using chrono::year_month_weekday;
+using chrono::years;
 using internal::applicator::ScalarBinaryNotNullStatefulEqualTypes;
 
 using DayOfWeekState = OptionsWrapper<DayOfWeekOptions>;