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Advanced Examples

Complex operations and patterns for advanced use cases.

Examples

01-connection-pooling.php

Managing multiple database connections and switching between them.

Topics covered:

  • Creating connections without default connection
  • Adding multiple named connections
  • Switching between connections with connection()
  • Managing connections to different database types
  • Connection reuse and cleanup
  • Multi-database applications

02-bulk-operations.php

Bulk inserts and data loading from files.

Topics covered:

  • Bulk inserts with insertMulti()
  • Loading data from CSV files with loadFromCsv()
  • Loading data from XML files with loadFromXml()
  • Batch size configuration
  • Performance optimization for large datasets
  • Error handling in bulk operations

Note: For JSON loading, see 05-file-loading/.

03-upsert.php

INSERT or UPDATE operations (UPSERT).

Topics covered:

  • MySQL REPLACE operations
  • INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE (MySQL)
  • INSERT ON CONFLICT (PostgreSQL)
  • INSERT OR REPLACE (SQLite)
  • Dialect-specific upsert strategies
  • Handling unique constraints
  • Batch upserts

04-subqueries.php

Subqueries in SELECT, WHERE, and FROM clauses.

Topics covered:

  • Scalar subqueries in SELECT
  • Subqueries in WHERE conditions
  • EXISTS and NOT EXISTS
  • Subqueries with IN operator
  • Subqueries in FROM clause (derived tables)
  • Correlated subqueries
  • Multiple subqueries in one query
  • QueryBuilder subquery support

05-merge.php

MERGE statement operations (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE based on match conditions).

Topics covered:

  • MERGE with table source
  • MERGE with subquery source
  • MERGE with QueryBuilder source
  • WHEN MATCHED clause (UPDATE operations)
  • WHEN NOT MATCHED clause (INSERT operations)
  • PostgreSQL native MERGE support
  • MySQL emulation via INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
  • SQLite emulation via INSERT OR REPLACE
  • Synchronizing data between tables
  • Dialect-specific MERGE implementations

06-sql-formatter.php

SQL Formatter for pretty-printing SQL queries during debugging.

Topics covered:

  • Unformatted SQL output (default behavior)
  • Formatted SQL with proper indentation and line breaks
  • Complex queries with JOINs, GROUP BY, ORDER BY
  • Multiple WHERE conditions formatting
  • Subquery formatting
  • CTE (Common Table Expressions) formatting
  • Human-readable SQL for debugging

07-window-functions.php

Advanced analytics with window functions (MySQL 8.0+, PostgreSQL 9.4+, SQLite 3.25+).

Topics covered:

  • ROW_NUMBER() - Sequential numbering within partitions
  • RANK() - Ranking with gaps for ties
  • DENSE_RANK() - Ranking without gaps
  • LAG() - Access previous row data
  • LEAD() - Access next row data
  • Running totals - Cumulative sums
  • Moving averages - Rolling statistics
  • FIRST_VALUE() / LAST_VALUE() - First and last values in window
  • NTILE() - Divide into buckets/quartiles
  • Multiple window functions - Combining window functions

08-basic-cte.php

Basic CTE usage with Common Table Expressions.

Topics covered:

  • Simple CTE - Temporary result sets with Closure
  • CTE with QueryBuilder - Using query builder instances
  • CTE with raw SQL - Direct SQL in CTEs
  • Multiple CTEs - Combining multiple CTEs
  • Column lists - Explicit column definitions
  • CTE with JOIN - Joining CTEs with tables

09-recursive-cte.php

Recursive CTE usage for hierarchical data.

Topics covered:

  • Category hierarchy - Tree traversal
  • Employee chain - Management hierarchy
  • Depth limits - Controlling recursion depth
  • Subordinate counts - Aggregating hierarchical data

10-materialized-cte.php

Materialized CTEs for performance optimization.

Topics covered:

  • Materialized CTEs - Cached CTE results
  • Performance optimization - Faster repeated queries
  • Dialect support - PostgreSQL native, MySQL/SQLite emulation

11-fulltext-search.php

Full-text search across all databases.

Topics covered:

  • MySQL FULLTEXT - Native full-text search
  • PostgreSQL tsvector - Text search vectors
  • SQLite FTS5 - Full-text search extension
  • Cross-database FTS - Unified API across all databases

12-set-operations.php

SQL set operations for combining query results.

Topics covered:

  • UNION - Combine queries, remove duplicates
  • UNION ALL - Combine queries, keep duplicates
  • INTERSECT - Find common rows
  • EXCEPT - Find rows in first query not in second
  • Multiple UNION - Chaining set operations
  • UNION with aggregation - Combining aggregated results
  • UNION with filters - Complex filtering

Running Examples

SQLite (default)

php 01-connection-pooling.php

MySQL

PDODB_DRIVER=mysql php 01-connection-pooling.php

PostgreSQL

PDODB_DRIVER=pgsql php 01-connection-pooling.php

Performance Considerations

  • Connection pooling reduces overhead in multi-database applications
  • Bulk operations are significantly faster than individual inserts
  • Upserts reduce the need for SELECT-then-INSERT/UPDATE patterns
  • MERGE statements provide atomic INSERT/UPDATE operations based on match conditions
  • Subqueries can sometimes be replaced with JOINs for better performance

Related Documentation

Next Steps

Explore more advanced topics: