fix(http): enforce Origin validation semantics (#1192)

Return HTTP 403 for malformed and non-UTF-8 Origin headers when validation is enabled.
Add enforce_origin_validation() for strict empty-allowlist validation while preserving the
legacy default and non-empty allowlist behavior. Configure the conformance server to opt in
explicitly.

Signed-off-by: lucarlig <luca.carlig@ibm.com>

Author: lucarlig

conformance/src/bin/server.rs

@@ -1744,7 +1744,9 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     tracing::info!("Starting conformance server on {}", bind_addr);
 
     let server = ConformanceServer::new();
-    let config = StreamableHttpServerConfig::default();
+    let config = StreamableHttpServerConfig::default()
+        .with_allowed_origins([format!("http://{bind_addr}")])
+        .enforce_origin_validation();
     let service = StreamableHttpService::new(
         move || Ok(server.clone()),
         LocalSessionManager::default().into(),

crates/rmcp/src/transport/streamable_http_server/tower.rs

@@ -110,13 +110,18 @@ pub struct StreamableHttpServerConfig {
     pub allowed_hosts: Vec<String>,
     /// Allowed browser origins for inbound `Origin` validation.
     ///
-    /// Defaults to an empty list, which disables Origin validation. When
-    /// non-empty, requests carrying an `Origin` header must match per RFC 6454
-    /// `(scheme, host, port)`; missing-`Origin` requests still pass. Entries
-    /// must include a scheme; `"null"` matches the browser's `Origin: null`.
+    /// Defaults to an empty list, which disables Origin validation for backward
+    /// compatibility. A non-empty list enables validation. Requests carrying
+    /// an `Origin` header must match per RFC 6454 `(scheme, host, port)`;
+    /// missing-`Origin` requests still pass. Entries must include a scheme;
+    /// `"null"` matches the browser's `Origin: null`.
+    ///
+    /// Call [`StreamableHttpServerConfig::enforce_origin_validation`] to enable
+    /// validation with an empty list, rejecting every present Origin value.
     /// examples:
     ///     allowed_origins = ["https://app.example.com", "http://localhost:8080"]
     pub allowed_origins: Vec<String>,
+    validate_empty_origin_allowlist: bool,
     /// Optional external session store for cross-instance recovery.
     ///
     /// When set, [`SessionState`] (the client's `initialize` parameters) is
@@ -189,6 +194,7 @@ impl Default for StreamableHttpServerConfig {
             cancellation_token: CancellationToken::new(),
             allowed_hosts: vec!["localhost".into(), "127.0.0.1".into(), "::1".into()],
             allowed_origins: vec![],
+            validate_empty_origin_allowlist: false,
             session_store: None,
             max_request_body_bytes: DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_BODY_BYTES,
             stateless_protocol_metadata_required: false,
@@ -216,9 +222,15 @@ impl StreamableHttpServerConfig {
         self.allowed_origins = allowed_origins.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();
         self
     }
-    /// Disable Origin validation, reverting to the default ignore-Origin behavior.
+    /// Enable Origin validation, including when the allowed Origins list is empty.
+    pub fn enforce_origin_validation(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.validate_empty_origin_allowlist = true;
+        self
+    }
+    /// Disable Origin validation, allowing requests with any `Origin` header.
     pub fn disable_allowed_origins(mut self) -> Self {
         self.allowed_origins.clear();
+        self.validate_empty_origin_allowlist = false;
         self
     }
     pub fn with_sse_keep_alive(mut self, duration: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
@@ -802,9 +814,6 @@ fn parse_origin_value(value: &str) -> Option<NormalizedOrigin> {
 }
 
 fn origin_is_allowed(origin: &NormalizedOrigin, allowed_origins: &[String]) -> bool {
-    if allowed_origins.is_empty() {
-        return true;
-    }
     allowed_origins
         .iter()
         .filter_map(|raw| parse_origin_value(raw))
@@ -876,12 +885,15 @@ fn validate_dns_rebinding_headers(
         );
         return Err(forbidden_response("Forbidden: Host header is not allowed").into());
     }
-    validate_origin_header(headers, &config.allowed_origins)?;
+    validate_origin_header(headers, config)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn validate_origin_header(headers: &HeaderMap, allowed_origins: &[String]) -> HttpResult<()> {
-    if allowed_origins.is_empty() {
+fn validate_origin_header(
+    headers: &HeaderMap,
+    config: &StreamableHttpServerConfig,
+) -> HttpResult<()> {
+    if !config.validate_empty_origin_allowlist && config.allowed_origins.is_empty() {
         return Ok(());
     }
     let Some(origin_header) = headers.get(http::header::ORIGIN) else {
@@ -892,15 +904,15 @@ fn validate_origin_header(headers: &HeaderMap, allowed_origins: &[String]) -> Ht
         .inspect_err(|_| {
             tracing::warn!(origin = ?origin_header, "rejected request with non-UTF-8 Origin header");
         })
-        .map_err(|_| bad_request_response("Bad Request: Invalid Origin header encoding"))?;
+        .map_err(|_| forbidden_response("Forbidden: Invalid Origin header encoding"))?;
     let origin = parse_origin_value(origin_str).ok_or_else(|| {
         tracing::warn!(
             origin = origin_str,
             "rejected request with malformed Origin header",
         );
-        bad_request_response("Bad Request: Invalid Origin header")
+        forbidden_response("Forbidden: Invalid Origin header")
     })?;
-    if !origin_is_allowed(&origin, allowed_origins) {
+    if !origin_is_allowed(&origin, &config.allowed_origins) {
         tracing::warn!(
             origin = ?origin,
             "rejected request with disallowed Origin header (possible cross-origin attack)",

crates/rmcp/tests/test_custom_headers.rs

@@ -880,10 +880,11 @@ fn test_protocol_version_utilities() {
     assert!(ProtocolVersion::KNOWN_VERSIONS.contains(&ProtocolVersion::V_2026_07_28));
 }
 
-/// Integration test: Verify server validates only the Host header for DNS rebinding protection
+/// Integration test: Verify Host validation remains enabled when Origin validation is
+/// disabled by default
 #[tokio::test]
 #[cfg(all(feature = "transport-streamable-http-server", feature = "server",))]
-async fn test_server_validates_host_header_for_dns_rebinding_protection() {
+async fn test_server_validates_host_when_origin_validation_is_disabled_by_default() {
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
     use bytes::Bytes;
@@ -1127,7 +1128,7 @@ mod origin_validation {
     use std::sync::Arc;
 
     use bytes::Bytes;
-    use http::{Method, Request, header::CONTENT_TYPE};
+    use http::{HeaderValue, Method, Request, header::CONTENT_TYPE};
     use http_body_util::Full;
     use rmcp::{
         handler::server::ServerHandler,
@@ -1147,12 +1148,20 @@ mod origin_validation {
         }
     }
 
-    fn service_with_allowed_origins(
-        origins: &[&str],
+    fn service_with_config(
+        config: StreamableHttpServerConfig,
     ) -> StreamableHttpService<TestHandler, LocalSessionManager> {
         StreamableHttpService::new(
             || Ok(TestHandler),
             Arc::new(LocalSessionManager::default()),
+            config,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn service_with_allowed_origins(
+        origins: &[&str],
+    ) -> StreamableHttpService<TestHandler, LocalSessionManager> {
+        service_with_config(
             StreamableHttpServerConfig::default().with_allowed_origins(origins.iter().copied()),
         )
     }
@@ -1199,6 +1208,80 @@ mod origin_validation {
         assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::FORBIDDEN);
     }
 
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn malformed_origin_is_forbidden() {
+        let service = service_with_allowed_origins(&["http://localhost:8080"]);
+        let response = service.handle(init_request(Some("not-an-origin"))).await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::FORBIDDEN);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn non_utf8_origin_is_forbidden() {
+        let service = service_with_allowed_origins(&["http://localhost:8080"]);
+        let mut request = init_request(None);
+        request.headers_mut().insert(
+            http::header::ORIGIN,
+            HeaderValue::from_bytes(b"\xff").unwrap(),
+        );
+        let response = service.handle(request).await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::FORBIDDEN);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn enabled_empty_allowlist_forbids_present_origin() {
+        let service =
+            service_with_config(StreamableHttpServerConfig::default().enforce_origin_validation());
+        let response = service
+            .handle(init_request(Some("http://localhost:8080")))
+            .await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::FORBIDDEN);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn enabled_empty_allowlist_allows_missing_origin() {
+        let service =
+            service_with_config(StreamableHttpServerConfig::default().enforce_origin_validation());
+        let response = service.handle(init_request(None)).await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::OK);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn empty_allowed_origins_preserves_disabled_validation() {
+        let service = service_with_config(
+            StreamableHttpServerConfig::default().with_allowed_origins(std::iter::empty::<&str>()),
+        );
+        let response = service
+            .handle(init_request(Some("http://attacker.example")))
+            .await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::OK);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn nonempty_public_allowed_origins_field_enables_validation() {
+        let mut config = StreamableHttpServerConfig::default();
+        config
+            .allowed_origins
+            .push("http://localhost:8080".to_string());
+        let service = service_with_config(config);
+        let response = service
+            .handle(init_request(Some("http://attacker.example")))
+            .await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::FORBIDDEN);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn explicitly_disabled_validation_allows_present_origin() {
+        let service = service_with_config(
+            StreamableHttpServerConfig::default()
+                .enforce_origin_validation()
+                .disable_allowed_origins(),
+        );
+        let response = service
+            .handle(init_request(Some("http://attacker.example")))
+            .await;
+        assert_eq!(response.status(), http::StatusCode::OK);
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn missing_origin_passes_through() {
         let service = service_with_allowed_origins(&["http://localhost:8080"]);