fix: false hdd detection on virtual devices (#352)

Fixes virtual block devices (VirtIO, Xen, Hyper-V, VMware) on Linux being misclassified as HDDs. The kernel's `rotational` sysfs flag defaults to `1` for virtual devices, causing `sysinfo` to report them as HDDs. This PR checks the block device's driver via `/sys/block/<dev>/device/driver` and reclassifies known virtual drivers as `DiskKind::Unknown(-1)`.

https://claude.ai/code/session_01MHKaZm6DcA9kjBPnW3KN5K

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: Copilot Autofix powered by AI <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: 3 people

src/app.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use hdd::any_path_is_in_hdd;
 use pipe_trait::Pipe;
 use std::{io::stdin, time::Duration};
 use sub::JsonOutputParam;
-use sysinfo::Disks;
+use sysinfo::{Disk, Disks};
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use crate::get_size::{GetBlockCount, GetBlockSize};
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ impl App {
         let threads = match self.args.threads {
             Threads::Auto => {
                 let disks = Disks::new_with_refreshed_list();
-                if any_path_is_in_hdd::<hdd::RealApi>(&self.args.files, &disks) {
+                if any_path_is_in_hdd::<Disk, hdd::RealFs>(&self.args.files, &disks) {
                     eprintln!("warning: HDD detected, the thread limit will be set to 1");
                     eprintln!("hint: You can pass --threads=max disable this behavior");
                     Some(1)

src/app/hdd.rs

@@ -1,58 +1,287 @@
 use super::mount_point::find_mount_point;
 use std::{
+    ffi::OsStr,
     fs::canonicalize,
     io,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 use sysinfo::{Disk, DiskKind};
 
-/// Mockable APIs to interact with the system.
-pub trait Api {
-    type Disk;
-    fn get_disk_kind(disk: &Self::Disk) -> DiskKind;
-    fn get_mount_point(disk: &Self::Disk) -> &Path;
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+use pipe_trait::Pipe;
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+/// Mockable interface to [`sysinfo::Disk`] methods.
+///
+/// Each method delegates to a corresponding [`sysinfo::Disk`] method,
+/// enabling dependency injection for testing.
+pub trait DiskApi {
+    fn get_disk_kind(&self) -> DiskKind;
+    fn get_disk_name(&self) -> &OsStr;
+    fn get_mount_point(&self) -> &Path;
+}
+
+/// Mockable interface to filesystem operations.
+///
+/// Abstracts system calls like [`canonicalize`], [`Path::exists`], and
+/// [`std::fs::read_link`] so tests can substitute an in-memory fake.
+pub trait FsApi {
     fn canonicalize(path: &Path) -> io::Result<PathBuf>;
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    fn path_exists(path: &Path) -> bool;
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    fn read_link(path: &Path) -> io::Result<PathBuf>;
 }
 
-/// Implementation of [`Api`] that interacts with the real system.
-pub struct RealApi;
-impl Api for RealApi {
-    type Disk = Disk;
+/// Implementation of [`FsApi`] that interacts with the real system.
+pub struct RealFs;
+
+impl DiskApi for Disk {
+    #[inline]
+    fn get_disk_kind(&self) -> DiskKind {
+        self.kind()
+    }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn get_disk_kind(disk: &Self::Disk) -> DiskKind {
-        disk.kind()
+    fn get_disk_name(&self) -> &OsStr {
+        self.name()
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn get_mount_point(disk: &Self::Disk) -> &Path {
-        disk.mount_point()
+    fn get_mount_point(&self) -> &Path {
+        self.mount_point()
     }
+}
 
+impl FsApi for RealFs {
     #[inline]
     fn canonicalize(path: &Path) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
         canonicalize(path)
     }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    #[inline]
+    fn path_exists(path: &Path) -> bool {
+        path.exists()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    #[inline]
+    fn read_link(path: &Path) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
+        std::fs::read_link(path)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sentinel value used to reclassify virtual block devices that were
+/// falsely reported as `DiskKind::HDD` by `sysinfo`.
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+const VIRTUAL_DISK_KIND: DiskKind = DiskKind::Unknown(-1);
+
+/// On Linux, the `rotational` sysfs flag defaults to `1` for virtual block devices
+/// (e.g. VirtIO, Xen) because the kernel cannot determine the backing storage type.
+/// This causes `sysinfo` to falsely report them as HDDs.
+///
+/// This function checks the block device's driver via sysfs and reclassifies
+/// known virtual drivers as `Unknown` instead of `HDD`.
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn reclassify_virtual_hdd<Fs: FsApi>(kind: DiskKind, disk_name: &str) -> DiskKind {
+    if kind != DiskKind::HDD {
+        return kind;
+    }
+    if let Some(block_dev) = extract_block_device_name::<Fs>(disk_name) {
+        if is_virtual_block_device::<Fs>(&block_dev) {
+            return VIRTUAL_DISK_KIND;
+        }
+    }
+    DiskKind::HDD
+}
+
+/// On non-Linux platforms (macOS, FreeBSD), `sysinfo` currently reports
+/// `DiskKind::Unknown` because there is no reliable OS API for determining
+/// rotational vs solid-state. This means the `kind == DiskKind::HDD` check
+/// in [`is_hdd`] never matches, so this function is effectively a no-op.
+///
+/// If `sysinfo` ever gains accurate disk-kind detection on these platforms,
+/// this function should be revisited — virtual disks on macOS (e.g. virtio
+/// in QEMU) or FreeBSD (e.g. virtio-blk) could face the same misclassification.
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
+fn reclassify_virtual_hdd<Fs: FsApi>(kind: DiskKind, _: &str) -> DiskKind {
+    kind
+}
+
+/// Resolve a device path through symlinks and then parse the block device name.
+///
+/// Handles `/dev/mapper/xxx` symlinks and `/dev/root` by following them via
+/// `canonicalize`, then delegates to [`parse_block_device_name`] for parsing
+/// and [`validate_block_device`] to verify the device exists in sysfs.
+///
+/// **Known limitation:** LVM / device-mapper
+///
+/// On real LVM setups, `/dev/mapper/vg0-lv0` canonicalizes to `/dev/dm-0`
+/// (a device-mapper device), not to the underlying physical device like
+/// `/dev/vda1`. The `dm-0` device has no `/sys/block/dm-0/device/driver`
+/// symlink, so [`is_virtual_block_device`] cannot determine its driver and
+/// returns `false`. This means virtual-disk correction silently does nothing
+/// for LVM volumes, even when the backing device is VirtIO.
+///
+/// Fixing this would require walking `/sys/block/dm-*/slaves/` to discover
+/// the real backing device(s). That introduces three problems:
+///
+/// 1. [`FsApi`] would need a `read_dir` method, expanding the trait and
+///    every mock implementation.
+/// 2. The slave chain can be recursive (`dm` on `dm`, e.g. LUKS on LVM),
+///    requiring unbounded traversal.
+/// 3. A `dm` device can have multiple slaves (stripes, mirrors). A policy
+///    decision is needed: is the device virtual only when *all* slaves are
+///    virtual, or when *any* is? Neither answer is obviously correct.
+///
+/// Given the complexity and the relative importance of the auto HDD detection feature,
+/// we have chosen to ignore it.
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn extract_block_device_name<Fs: FsApi>(device_path: &str) -> Option<Cow<'_, str>> {
+    if !device_path.starts_with("/dev/mapper/") && !device_path.starts_with("/dev/root") {
+        let block_dev = parse_block_device_name(device_path)?;
+        return block_dev
+            .pipe(validate_block_device::<Fs>)
+            .map(Cow::Borrowed);
+    }
+
+    let canon_device_path = Fs::canonicalize(Path::new(device_path)).ok()?;
+    let canon_device_path = canon_device_path.to_str()?;
+    if canon_device_path == device_path {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Safe to recurse: `canonicalize` resolves all symlinks, so the
+    // canonical path will not start with `/dev/mapper/` or `/dev/root`.
+    canon_device_path
+        .pipe(extract_block_device_name::<Fs>)
+        .map(Cow::into_owned) // must copy-allocate because `canon_device_path` is locally owned
+        .map(Cow::Owned)
+}
+
+/// Parse the base block device name from a device path (pure string parsing).
+///
+/// This function performs no I/O; it only strips the `/dev/` prefix and
+/// partition suffixes to recover the base block device name.
+///
+/// **Examples:**
+/// - `/dev/vda1` → `Some("vda")`
+/// - `/dev/sda1` → `Some("sda")`
+/// - `/dev/xvda1` → `Some("xvda")`
+/// - `/dev/nvme0n1p1` → `Some("nvme0n1")`
+/// - `/dev/mmcblk0p1` → `Some("mmcblk0")`
+/// - `vda1` (no `/dev/` prefix) → `None`
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn parse_block_device_name(device_path: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    let name = device_path.strip_prefix("/dev/")?;
+
+    let block_dev = if name.starts_with("sd") || name.starts_with("vd") || name.starts_with("xvd") {
+        // Strip trailing partition digits: "sda1" → "sda", "vda1" → "vda"
+        name.trim_end_matches(|c: char| c.is_ascii_digit())
+    } else if name.starts_with("nvme") || name.starts_with("mmcblk") {
+        // Strip partition suffix: "nvme0n1p1" → "nvme0n1", "mmcblk0p1" → "mmcblk0"
+        match name.rsplit_once('p') {
+            Some((base, suffix))
+                if !base.is_empty()
+                    && !suffix.is_empty()
+                    && suffix.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_digit()) =>
+            {
+                base
+            }
+            _ => name,
+        }
+    } else {
+        name
+    };
+
+    Some(block_dev)
+}
+
+/// Verify that a block device exists in sysfs.
+///
+/// Returns `Some(block_dev)` if `/sys/block/<block_dev>` exists, `None` otherwise.
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn validate_block_device<Fs: FsApi>(block_dev: &str) -> Option<&str> {
+    "/sys/block"
+        .pipe(Path::new)
+        .join(block_dev)
+        .pipe_as_ref(Fs::path_exists)
+        .then_some(block_dev)
+}
+
+/// Check if a block device is backed by a virtual driver.
+///
+/// Reads the driver symlink at `/sys/block/<dev>/device/driver` and checks
+/// if it matches known virtual block device drivers.
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn is_virtual_block_device<Fs: FsApi>(block_dev: &str) -> bool {
+    let driver_path = "/sys/block"
+        .pipe(Path::new)
+        .join(block_dev)
+        .join("device/driver");
+
+    let Ok(target) = Fs::read_link(&driver_path) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    let driver_name = target.file_name().and_then(OsStr::to_str);
+
+    matches!(
+        driver_name,
+        Some(
+            "virtio_blk"
+                | "virtio-blk"
+                | "xen_blkfront"
+                | "xen-blkfront"
+                | "vbd"
+                | "vmw_pvscsi"
+                | "hv_storvsc"
+        )
+    )
 }
 
 /// Check if any path is in any HDD.
-pub fn any_path_is_in_hdd<Api: self::Api>(paths: &[PathBuf], disks: &[Api::Disk]) -> bool {
+pub fn any_path_is_in_hdd<Disk: DiskApi, Fs: FsApi>(paths: &[PathBuf], disks: &[Disk]) -> bool {
     paths
         .iter()
-        .filter_map(|file| Api::canonicalize(file).ok())
-        .any(|path| path_is_in_hdd::<Api>(&path, disks))
+        .filter_map(|file| Fs::canonicalize(file).ok())
+        .any(|path| path_is_in_hdd::<Disk, Fs>(&path, disks))
 }
 
 /// Check if path is in any HDD.
-fn path_is_in_hdd<Api: self::Api>(path: &Path, disks: &[Api::Disk]) -> bool {
-    let Some(mount_point) = find_mount_point(path, disks.iter().map(Api::get_mount_point)) else {
+///
+/// Applies [`reclassify_virtual_hdd`] to each disk's reported kind to work
+/// around virtual block devices being falsely reported as HDDs on Linux.
+fn path_is_in_hdd<Disk: DiskApi, Fs: FsApi>(path: &Path, disks: &[Disk]) -> bool {
+    let mount_point = find_mount_point(path, disks.iter().map(Disk::get_mount_point));
+    let Some(mount_point) = mount_point else {
         return false;
     };
     disks
         .iter()
-        .filter(|disk| Api::get_disk_kind(disk) == DiskKind::HDD)
-        .any(|disk| Api::get_mount_point(disk) == mount_point)
+        .filter(|disk| disk.get_mount_point() == mount_point)
+        .any(is_hdd::<Fs>)
+}
+
+/// Check if a disk is an HDD after applying platform-specific corrections.
+fn is_hdd<Fs: FsApi>(disk: &impl DiskApi) -> bool {
+    let kind = disk.get_disk_kind();
+    let name = disk.get_disk_name().to_str();
+    match name {
+        Some(name) => reclassify_virtual_hdd::<Fs>(kind, name) == DiskKind::HDD,
+        None => kind == DiskKind::HDD, // can't parse name, keep original classification
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_linux;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_linux_smoke;